Middle Tersamian Sound Changes
Middle Tersamian Sound Changes
Contents
Middle Tersamian broke off from the rest of the Tersamian branch at some time around 2000 years before present. Key phonological developments include:
- Ablaut monophthongs developed from Old Tersamian diphthongs.
- A new set of monophthongs developed from syllable-final /-j/ and /-w/.
- Aspirated and tenuis plosives evolved into unvoiced and voiced plosives.
- Unvoiced nasals merged with other phonemes.
- A distinction between tenuis and palatalised consonants was developed.
Lexurgy Sound Change Rules
This is a copy of the .lsc
file used to change sounds using Lexurgy.
Feature +stress, +aspiration, +palatalisation, +throwaway0, +throwaway1, +long
Diacritic ʰ [+aspiration]
Diacritic ʲ [+palatalisation]
Diacritic ̥ [+throwaway0]
Diacritic ̊ [+throwaway1]
Diacritic ː [+long]
Diacritic ˈ (floating) [+stress]
Symbol ɨ̯ə, ɤɨ̯, ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯, ɛ̯ɐ, t͡s, d͡z, ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʐ, d͡ʑ, eu̯, ɤu̯, oi̯, øy̑, ɑi̯, æi̯, ɑu̯, æu̯
Class consonant {m, mʲ, m̥, n, nʲ, n̥, ɳ, ɳʲ, ŋ, ŋʲ, ŋ̊, p, pʲ, pʰ, b, bʲ, t, tʲ, tʰ, d, dʲ, ʈ, ʈʲ, ɖ, ɖʲ, c, cʰ, k, kʲ, kʰ, g, gʲ, ʔ, f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, z, zʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ʐ, ʑ, x, xʲ, ɣ, ɣʲ, h, ç, ɦ, t͡s, t͡sʲ, d͡z, d͡zʲ, ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʐ, d͡ʑ, l, lʲ, r, ɾ, ɾʲ, j, ɥ, w, mː, mʲː, nː, nʲː, ɳː, ɳʲː, ŋː, ŋʲː, pː, pʲː, bː, tː, tʲː, dː, dʲː, ʈː, ʈʲː, ɖː, ɖʲː, kː, kʲː, gː, gʲː, ʔː, fː, fʲː, vː, vʲː, sː, sʲː, zː, zʲː, ʂː, ɕː, ʐː, ʑː, xː, xʲː, ɣː, ɣʲː, hː, çː, t͡sː, t͡sʲː, d͡zː, d͡zʲː, ʈ͡ʂː, t͡ɕː, d͡ʐː, d͡ʑː, lː, lʲː, rː, ɾː, ɾʲː, jː, ɥː, wː}
Class single {m, mʲ, n, nʲ, ɳ, ɳʲ, ŋ, ŋʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ, t, tʲ, d, dʲ, ʈ, ʈʲ, ɖ, ɖʲ, k, kʲ, g, gʲ, ʔ, f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, z, zʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ʐ, ʑ, x, xʲ, ɣ, ɣʲ, h, ç, t͡s, t͡sʲ, d͡z, d͡zʲ, ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʐ, d͡ʑ, l, lʲ, r, ɾ, ɾʲ, j, ɥ, w}
Class double {mː, mʲː, nː, nʲː, ɳː, ɳʲː, ŋː, ŋʲː, pː, pʲː, bː, bʲː, tː, tʲː, dː, dʲː, ʈː, ʈʲː, ɖː, ɖʲː, kː, kʲː, gː, gʲː, ʔː, fː, fʲː, vː, vʲː, sː, sʲː, zː, zʲː, ʂː, ɕː, ʐː, ʑː, xː, xʲː, ɣː, ɣʲː, hː, çː, t͡sː, t͡sʲː, d͡zː, d͡zʲː, ʈ͡ʂː, t͡ɕː, d͡ʐː, d͡ʑː, lː, lʲː, rː, ɾː, ɾʲː, jː, ɥː, wː}
Class voiced {m, mʲ, n, nʲ, ɳ, ɳʲ, ŋ, ŋʲ, b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɖ, ɖʲ, g, gʲ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ, ʑ, ɣ, ɣʲ, ɦ, d͡z, d͡zʲ, d͡ʐ, d͡ʑ, l, lʲ, r, ɾ, ɾʲ, j, ɥ, w}
Class strongvoiced {m, mʲ, n, nʲ, ɳ, ɳʲ, ŋ, ŋʲ, b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɖ, ɖʲ, g, gʲ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ, ʑ, ɣ, ɣʲ, ɦ, d͡z, d͡zʲ, d͡ʐ, d͡ʑ}
Class unvoiced {m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, p, pʲ, pʰ, t, tʲ, tʰ, ʈ, ʈʲ, c, cʰ, k, kʲ, kʰ, ʔ, f, fʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʲ, h, ç, t͡s, t͡sʲ, ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ}
Class strongunvoiced {m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, p, pʲ, pʰ, t, tʲ, tʰ, ʈ, ʈʲ, c, cʰ, k, kʲ, kʰ, ʔ, f, fʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʲ, t͡s, t͡sʲ, ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ}
Class plosive {p, pʲ, pʰ, b, bʲ, t, tʲ, tʰ, d, dʲ, ʈ, ʈʲ, ɖ, ɖʲ, c, cʰ, k, kʲ, kʰ, g, gʲ, ʔ}
Class liquid {l, lʲ, r, ɾ, ɾʲ}
Class glide {j, ɥ, w}
Class sonorant {l, lʲ, r, ɾ, ɾʲ, j, ɥ, w}
Class nonsonorant {m, mʲ, m̥, n, nʲ, n̥, ɳ, ɳʲ, ŋ, ŋʲ, ŋ̊, p, pʲ, pʰ, b, bʲ, t, tʲ, tʰ, d, dʲ, ʈ, ʈʲ, ɖ, ɖʲ, c, cʰ, k, kʲ, kʰ, g, gʲ, ʔ, f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, z, zʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ʐ, ʑ, x, xʲ, ɣ, ɣʲ, h, ç, ɦ, t͡s, t͡sʲ, d͡z, d͡zʲ, ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʐ, d͡ʑ}
Class fricative {f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, z, zʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ʐ, ʑ, x, xʲ, ɣ, ɣʲ, h, ç, ɦ}
Class hfric {h, ç, ɦ}
Class zfric {f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, z, zʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ʐ, ʑ, x, xʲ, ɣ, ɣʲ}
Class sfric {f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, sʰ, z, zʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ʐ, ʑ}
Class nasal {m, mʲ, m̥, n, nʲ, n̥, ɳ, ɳʲ, ŋ, ŋʲ, ŋ̊}
Class tenuis {m, n, ɳ, ŋ, p, b, t, d, ʈ, ɖ, k, g, f, v, s, z, ʂ, ʐ, x, ɣ, h, t͡s, d͡z, ʈ͡ʂ, ɖ͡ʐ, l, r, ɾ, w}
Class palatal {mʲ, nʲ, ɳʲ, ŋʲ, pʲ, bʲ, tʲ, dʲ, ʈʲ, ɖʲ, kʲ, gʲ, fʲ, vʲ, sʲ, zʲ, ʂʲ, ʐʲ, xʲ, ɣʲ, ç, t͡sʲ, d͡zʲ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, lʲ, j, ɾʲ, ɥ}
Class vowel {i, ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɯ, ɯː, e, ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɤ, ɤː, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, æ, æː, u, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə, y, yː, o, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯, ø, øː, eu̯, øy̑, oi̯, ɤu̯, ɑi̯, æi̯, ɑu̯, æu̯}
Class front {i, ɪ, iː, e, ɛ, eː, ɛ̯ɐ, æ, æː, ʉ̯ə, y, yː, ɵʉ̯, ø, øː, eu̯, øy̑, ɑi̯, æi̯}
Class back {ɨ̯ə, ɯ, ɯː, ɤɨ̯, ɤ, ɤː, a, aː, ɑ, ɑː, u, ʊ, uː, o, ɔ, oː, oi̯, ɤu̯, ɑu̯, æu̯}
Class high {i, ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɯ, ɯː, u, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə, y, yː}
Class mid {e, ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɤ, ɤː, o, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯, ø, øː, eu̯, øy̑, oi̯, ɤu̯}
Class low {ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, æ, æː, ɑi̯, æi̯, ɑu̯, æu̯}
Class short {i, ɪ, ɯ, e, ɛ, ɤ, ɑ, æ, u, ʊ, y, o, ɔ, ø}
Class long {iː, ɨ̯ə, ɯː, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɤː, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, æː, uː, ʉ̯ə, yː, oː, ɵʉ̯, øː, eu̯, øy̑, oi̯, ɤu̯, ɑi̯, æi̯, ɑu̯, æu̯}
Class moved {ɓ, ɗ, ʄ, ɠ, ʛ, ɢ, ɴ, ʀ, ʁ, ʟ, ʡ, ʜ, ʢ, ħ, ʕ}
Syllables:
explicit
z-j-merger:
z => j // {@consonant _, _ @consonant}
palatal-plosives-to-retroflex-affricates:
{c, cʰ} => {ɖ͡ʐ, ʈ͡ʂ}
affricatisation-of-s:
ʔ? s ʔ? => * t͡s * // {@nonsonorant&!{ɦ} _, _ @nonsonorant&!{ɦ}}
aspiration-to-voicing:
{p, pʰ, t, tʰ, k, kʰ} => {b, p, d, t, g, k}
deaspiration-of-sh:
sʰ => s
n-l-merger:
n => l // { {@nonsonorant, n, n̥} _, _ {@nonsonorant, n, n̥}}
deletion-of-z-after-n:
z => * / {n, n̥} _
devoicing-of-fricatives:
v => f // {@voiced _, _ @voiced, {$, @vowel} _ @vowel}
ɣ => x // {@voiced _, _ @voiced}
rounding-of-palatal-near-labial-approximants:
j => ɥ / { {ɥ, w} _, _ {ɥ, w}}
deletion-of-w-near-ue:
w => * / _ ʉ̯ə
resolving-of-glottal-stop:
# this rule does not apply to all consonants
ʔ => p / {m, m̥, b, p, f, v} _
ʔ => t / {n̥, n, d, t, s, z, ʈ͡ʂ, ɖ͡ʐ, l, r, ɾ} _
ʔ => k / {ŋ, ŋ̥, g, k, x, ɣ, w} _
voicing-assimilation rtl cleanup:
{m̥, p, f, n̥, t, s, t͡s, ʂ, ʈ͡ʂ, ŋ̥, k, x, h, ʔ} => {m, b, v, n, d, z, d͡z, ʐ, ɖ͡ʐ, ŋ, g, ɣ, h, *} / _ @consonant* @strongvoiced {@vowel, $}
{m, b, v, n, d, z, d͡z, ʐ, ɖ͡ʐ, ŋ, g, ɣ} => {m̥, p, f, n̥, t, s, t͡s, ʂ, ʈ͡ʂ, ŋ̥, k, x} / _ @consonant* @strongunvoiced {@vowel, $}
hl-n-merger:
ɦl => n
# vowel harmony does not apply to vowels before root vowel
# so, we convert them into another symbol to prevent them from being changed during the harmonising process
lexical-height-harmony-freezer @vowel propagate:
{ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯}&[-stress] => {ɓ, ɗ, ʄ, ɠ, ʛ, ɢ, ɴ, ʀ, ʁ, ʟ, ʡ, ʜ, ʢ, ħ, ʕ} / _ {@vowel&[+stress], @moved}
lexical-height-harmony-high ltr:
{ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} => {ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ʊ, uː, ɪ, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə} / @high @consonant* _ []* $$ []* H
{ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə} => {ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɔ, oː, ɛ, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} / @mid @consonant* _ []* $$ []* H
{ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} => {ɛ̯ɐ, ɛ̯ɐ, ɑ, ɛ̯ɐ, ɛ̯ɐ, ɑ, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ} / @low @consonant* _ []* $$ []* H
lexical-height-harmony-low rtl:
{ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} => {ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ʊ, uː, ɪ, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə} / _ @consonant* @high []* $$ []* L
{ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə} => {ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɔ, oː, ɛ, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} / _ @consonant* @mid []* $$ []* L
{ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} => {ɛ̯ɐ, ɛ̯ɐ, ɑ, ɛ̯ɐ, ɛ̯ɐ, ɑ, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ} / _ @consonant* @low []* $$ []* L
lexical-height-harmony-defroster @moved:
{ɓ, ɗ, ʄ, ɠ, ʛ, ɢ, ɴ, ʀ, ʁ, ʟ, ʡ, ʜ, ʢ, ħ, ʕ} => {ɪ, iː, ɨ̯ə, ɛ, eː, ɤɨ̯, ɑ, ɑː, ɛ̯ɐ, ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə, ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯}
final-h-merger:
{m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, s, l} ɦ => {m, n, ŋ, z, ɾ} *
plosives-lenition-before-h:
{b, d, g} @short? ɦ => {v, z, ɣ} * * / @vowel&[+stress] @consonant* _
deletion-of-final-h:
ɦ => * / @consonant _
plosives-lenition-after-h:
ɦ @short {b, d, g, ʔ} {ɪ, iː, ɛ, eː, ʉ̯ə}&[+stress] => * * {v, ɾ, ɣ, h} {ɪ, ɪ, ɛ, ɛ, ɵʉ̯}
Then:
ɦ (@vowel?)$1 {b, d, g, ʔ} {ɪ, iː, ɛ, eː, ʉ̯ə} => * $1 {v, ɾ, ɣ, h} {ɪ, ɪ, ɛ, ɛ, ɵʉ̯}
lenition-of-plosives-before-long-low-vowels:
{p, t, k, s} {ɑː, eː, ɛ̯ɐ} => {b, d, g, s} {eː, iː, ɛ}
monophthongisation-of-back-diphthongs:
{ɤɨ̯, ɨ̯ə} => {ɔ, ʊ} / {m, n, ŋ, m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, l} _ // @fricative {m, n, m̥, n̥, l} _
{ɤɨ̯, ɨ̯ə} => {oː, uː} / @fricative {m, n, m̥, n̥, l} _
addition-of-j-before-e-velar:
* => j / $ _ eː {k, g, x, ɣ}
h-induced-voicing:
ɦ @short&[-stress] {m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, v, s, x, t͡s, ʈ͡ʂ} => * * {m, n, ŋ, w, z, ɣ, d͡z, ɖ͡ʐ}
Then:
ɦ (@vowel?)$1 {m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, v, s, x, t͡s, ʈ͡ʂ} => * $1 {m, n, ŋ, w, z, ɣ, d͡z, ɖ͡ʐ}
deletion-of-h:
ɦ => *
e-glide-to-long:
ɛj => eː
i-glide-to-u:
ɪw => ʊ / {j, ɥ} _
glide-to-diphthong:
{ɛ, {ɨ̯ə, ɤɨ̯}, ɑ, ɛ̯ɐ} w => {eu̯, ɤu̯, ɑu̯, æu̯} *
{o, {ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯}, ɑ, ɛ̯ɐ} j => {oi̯, øy̑, ɑi̯, æi̯} *
# {ɛw, {ɨ̯ə, ɤɨ̯} w, oj, {ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯} j, aj, ɛ̯ɐj, aw, ɛ̯ɐw} => {eu̯, ɤu̯, oi̯, øy̑, ɑi̯, æi̯, ɑu̯, æu̯}
intervocalic-voicing:
{p, t, k, f, s, x} (j?)$1 => {b, d, g, v, z, ɣ} $1 / @vowel _ @vowel // _ {ɑ, ɑː, æu̯, ɑu̯}
palatalisation-after-alveolar-and-before-front-vowels:
* {iː, eː, ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯} => j {e, eː, ɵʉ̯, ɵʉ̯} / @vowel {n,n̥,t,d,s,z,t͡s,d͡z,l} _
lenition-of-d-to-z:
d => z / ɾ _
ablaut-diphthongs-to-monophthongs:
{ɛ̯ɐ, ɨ̯ə, ɤɨ̯, ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯}&[+stress] => {æ, ɯ, ɤ, y, ø} // _ @consonant? {$, @vowel}
{ɛ̯ɐ, ɨ̯ə, ɤɨ̯, ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯}&[+stress] => {æː, ɯː, ɤː, yː, øː} / _ @consonant? {$, @vowel}
Then:
{ɛ̯ɐ, ɨ̯ə, ɤɨ̯, ʉ̯ə, ɵʉ̯} => {æ, ɯ, ɤ, y, ø}
deletion-of-final-ablaut-monophthongs:
{ɤ,ɯ}&[-stress] => * / {v, z, ɣ, @nasal, @sonorant} _ $
lowering-of-u-after-velar:
{ʊ, uː, ʉ̯ə} => {ɔ, oː, ɵʉ̯} / {k, g, x, ɣ} _
merger-of-unvoiced-nasals:
{m̥, n̥, ŋ̊} => {f, t, x}
voicing-assimilation:
off
voicing-assimilation2 rtl cleanup:
{p, f, t, s, t͡s, ʂ, ʈ͡ʂ, k, x} => {b, v, d, z, d͡z, ʐ, ɖ͡ʐ, g, ɣ} / _ @strongvoiced
{b, v, d, z, d͡z, ʐ, ɖ͡ʐ, g, ɣ} => {p, f, t, s, t͡s, ʂ, ʈ͡ʂ, k, x} / _ @strongunvoiced
n-r-t-d-merger:
{n, r, ɾ} {t, d} => d *
sibilantisation-of-intervocalic-lj:
l => z / @vowel _ j @vowel
infinitive-a:
@vowel&[-stress] => * / _ $$ []* V
Then: * => ɑ / _ $$ []* V
gemination rtl:
{t, t͡s, d, d͡z} {t͡s, d͡z} => * {t͡st͡s, d͡zd͡z}
# {t, t͡s, d, d͡z, tː, t͡sː, dː, d͡zː} {t͡s, d͡z, t͡sː, d͡zː} => * {t͡sː, d͡zː, t͡sː, d͡zː}
# { {m, mː}*2, {n, nː}*2, {ɳ, ɳː}*2, {ŋ, ŋː}*2} => {m, n, ɳ, ŋ}
# { {p, pː}*2, {b, bː}*2, {t, tː}*2, {d, dː}*2, {ʈ, ʈː}*2, {ɖ, ɖː}*2, {k, kː}*2, {g, gː}*2, {ʔ, ʔː}*2} => {pː, bː, tː, dː, ʈː, ɖː, kː, gː, ʔː}
# { {f, fː}*2, {v, vː}*2, {s, sː}*2, {z, zː}*2, {ʂ, ʂː}*2, {ʐ, ʐː}*2, {x, xː}*2, {ɣ, ɣː}*2, {h, hː}*2} => {fː, vː, sː, zː, ʂː, ʐː, xː, ɣː, hː}
# { {l, lː}*2, {r, rː, ɾ, ɾː}*2, {j, jː}*2, {w, wː}*2, {ɥ, ɥː}*2} => {lː, rː, jː, wː, ɥː}
degemination:
@consonant$1 $1 => $1 * / _ @consonant
# {mː, nː, ɳː, ŋː, pː, bː, tː, dː, ʈː, ɖː, kː, gː, ʔː, fː, vː, sː, zː, ʂː, ʐː, ʑː, xː, ɣː, hː, t͡sː, d͡zː, ʈ͡ʂː, d͡ʐː, lː, rː, ɾː, jː, ɥː, wː} => {m, n, ɳ, ŋ, p, b, t, d, ʈ, ɖ, k, g, ʔ, f, v, s, z, ʂ, ʐ, ʑ, x, ɣ, h, t͡s, d͡z, ʈ͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, l, r, ɾ, j, ɥ, w} / _ {@consonant, $}
palatalisation propagate:
@tenuis => @palatal / {@palatal _, _ @palatal, _ {ɪ, iː}}
palatalisation-after:
{xʲ, ɣʲ} => {ç, j}
Then: j => * / @consonant _
Then: ɥ => * / @consonant _ {y, yː}
affricate-voicing:
{t͡s, t͡sʲ} => {d͡z, d͡zʲ} / {@voiced _, _ @voiced}
deletion-of-final-i:
ɪ => * / _ {@vowel, $}
new-vowel-qualities:
{ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ} => {i, e, u, o}
gemination-symbol:
@single$1 ($1)+ => [+long] *